Department of Biology:

Ted Garland home page Theodore Garland home page Evolution Physiological Ecology Evolutionary Physiology Comparative Physiology Exercise Physiology Animal Behavior Quantitative Genetics Biostatistics Herpetology Locomotion Conservation Biology Phenotypic Plasticity Adaptive Plasticity

THEODORE GARLAND, Jr.

Professor of Biology
Office: 109 University Lab Building
Phone: (951) 827-3524
Facsimile: (951) 827-4286
E-mail: tgarland@ucr.edu

Degree: Ph.D., University of California, Irvine, 1985

*** Lab Homepage ***

*** Call for Papers: The Role of Behavior in Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology ***

All Publications and PDF files
Publications on the Mouse Selection Experiment
Movie of Running Mice (Girard et al. 2001)

Textbook Features on our Research:
Box in 2004 Evolutionary Analysis text by Freeman and Herron
Box in 2006 Comparative Physiology text by Moyes and Schulte

Curriculum Vitae

Evolutionary Physiology Links
Experimental Evolution Links

Back to Faculty Listing Back to Biology Homepage

Caveats About Undergraduate Research

Most of the research in my laboratory involves the evolution of complex phenotypes. Through empirical, theoretical, and methodological studies, we are also helping to develop the recent field of evolutionary physiology (Links: e.g., see Annual Review of Physiology [1994] 56:579-621 [PDF file - large]; Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics [2000] 31:315-341).
Physiology is the study of how organisms work. Evolution is the study of how organisms have changed (genetically) across generations. Thus, evolutionary physiology is the study of how and why the way organisms work has changed over time. For example, does the way an organism work constrain the way it may evolve? Answers to such questions require a deep understanding of both proximate and ultimate mechanisms, including the effects of phenotypic plasticity. Accordingly, my graduate students and I participate in both the Evolutionary Biology and the Physiology graduate tracks within the Department of Biology, as well as the Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics Graduate Program and the Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences. I also server as UCR co-Associate Director of NERE, the Network for Experimental Research on Evolution. As physiology cannot properly be understood in isolation from genetics, morphology, biochemistry, and behavior, my general approach is integrative and hence crosses traditional boundaries between disciplines.

Our laboratory is equipped to make a variety of sophisticated whole-animal physiological and behavioral measurements. We have concentrated on activity metabolism because many natural behaviors (e.g., escaping from predators, foraging) depend crucially on capacities for locomotion. I have worked primarily on lizards, snakes, and small mammals, but I recognize the value of both "model" and "non-model" systems and am always amenable to work with other organisms. Although most of our efforts involve exercise physiology and locomotor behavior, graduate students have worked on a variety of other projects, including: the evolution of reproductive timing in seals; behavioral/physiological ecology and conservation biology of desert tortoises; reproductive and conservation biology of lizards on a Spanish island; development of a monitoring program for endangered species of small mammals. In addition, we have collaborated with scientists from many countries, including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Mexico, The Netherlands, Spain, and The United Kingdom.

PDAP: Phenotypic Diversity Analysis Programs (software to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses)

PDTREE module in Mesquite (JAVA-based software to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses) (Documentation as Microsoft Word file)

PHYSIG (MatLab programs to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses)

PHYLOGR (R language code to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses)

Photos by Ted Garland: The Thorny Devil (Moloch horridus) in Australia [fullsize image], Mouse on running wheel as used in the selection experiment [fullsize image], Lizard (Lacerta agilis) in France on treadmill for endurance test [fullsize image].

Click here for a Complete Publication List with PDF Files

Selected recent publications:

Brashares, J., T. Garland, Jr., and P. Arcese. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of coadaptation in behavior, diet, and body size in the African antelope. Behavioral Ecology 11:452-463. Abstract [PDF file]
Clobert, J., A. Oppliger, G. Sorci, B. Ernande, J. G. Swallow, and T. Garland, Jr. 2000. Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation, and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Functional Ecology 14:675-684. Abstract [PDF file]
Irschick, D. J., and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Integrating function and ecology in studies of adaptation: investigations of locomotor capacity as a model system. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:367-396. Abstract [PDF file]
Girard, I., and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. Plasma corticosterone response to acute and chronic voluntary exercise in female house mice. Journal of Applied Physiology 92:1553-1561. [PDF file]
Perry, G., and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. Lizard home ranges revisited: effects of sex, body size, diet, habitat, and phylogeny. Ecology 83:1870-1885. [PDF file]
Hutcheon, J. M., J. A. W. Kirsch, and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. A comparative analysis of brain size in relation to foraging ecology and phylogeny in the Chiroptera. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 60:165-180. Abstract [PDF file]
Abbott, D. H., E. B. Keverne, F. B. Bercovitch, C. A. Shively, S. P. Mendoza, W. Saltzman, C. T. Snowdon, T. E. Ziegler, M. Banjevic, T. Garland, Jr., and R. M. Sapolsky. 2003. Are subordinates always stressed? A comparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates. Hormones and Behavior 43:67-82. [PDF file]
Blomberg, S. P., T. Garland, Jr., and A. R. Ives. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717-745. [PDF file]
Bronikowski, A. M., P. A. Carter, T. J. Morgan, T. Garland, Jr., N. Ung, T. D. Pugh, R. Weindruch, and T. A. Prolla. 2003. Lifelong voluntary exercise in the mouse prevents age-related alterations in gene expression in the heart. Physiological Genomics 12:129-138. [PDF file]
Garland, T., Jr. 2003. Selection experiments: an underutilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. Pages 23-56 in Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution. V. L. Bels, J.-P. Gasc, and A. Casinos, eds. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, U.K. [PDF file]
Rhodes, J. S., H. van Praag, S. Jeffrey, I. Girard, G. S. Mitchell, T. Garland, Jr., and F. H. Gage. 2003. Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running. Behavioral Neuroscience 117:1006-1016. [PDF file]
Johnston, I. A., D. A. Fernandez, J. Calvo, V. L. A. Vieira, A. W. North, M. Abercomby, and T. Garland, Jr. 2003. Reduction in muscle fibre number during the adaptive radiation of notothenioid fishes: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:2595-2609. [PDF file]
Perry, G., K. LeVering, I. Girard, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Locomotor performance and social dominance in male Anolis cristatellus. Animal Behaviour 67:37-47. [PDF file]
Rezende, E. L., F. Bozinovic, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Climatic adaptation and the evolution of basal and maximum rates of metabolism in rodents. Evolution 58:1361-1474. [PDF file]
Al-kahtani, M. A., C. Zuleta, E. Caviedes-Vidal, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Kidney mass and relative medullary thickness of rodents in relation to habitat, body size, and phylogeny. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:346-365. (plus online Appendix B). [PDF file]
Garland, T., Jr., A. F. Bennett, and E. L. Rezende. 2005. Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 218:3015-3035. [PDF file]
Bonine, K. E., T. T. Gleeson, and T. Garland, Jr. 2005. Muscle fibre-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:4529-4547. [PDF file]
Kelly, S. A., P. P. Czech, J. T. Wight, K. M. Blank, and T. Garland, Jr. 2006. Experimental evolution and phenotypic plasticity of hindlimb bones in high-activity house mice. Journal of Morphology 267:360-374. [PDF file]
Zhang, Y., T.-S. Lee, E. M. Kolb, K. Sun, X. Lu, F. M. Sladek, G. S. Kassab, T. Garland, Jr., and J. Y.-J. Shyy. 2006. AMP-activated protein kinase is involved in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation in response to shear stress. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26:1281-1287. [PDF file] Faculty of 1000 Selection!
Garland, T., Jr., and S. A. Kelly. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:2344-2361. [PDF file]
Spoor, F., T. Garland, Jr., G. Krovitz, T. M. Ryan, M. T. Silcox, and A. Walker. 2007. The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 104:10808-10812. [PDF file] UCR Press Release
Buchwalter, D. B., D. J. Cain, C. A. Martin, L. Xie, S. N. Luoma, and T. Garland, Jr. 2008. Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 105:8321-8326. [PDF file]

Last updated 3 July 2008 by T.G.




BIOLOGY HOME ABOUT US PEOPLE ACADEMIC PROGRAMS COURSES WEEKLY SEMINARS NEWS/EVENTS LINKS NATURAL RESERVES UCIRPEE NERE CONTACT PHOTO GALLERY JOBS	Ted Garland home page Theodore Garland home page Evolution Physiological Ecology Evolutionary Physiology Comparative Physiology Exercise Physiology Animal Behavior Quantitative Genetics Biostatistics Herpetology Locomotion Conservation Biology Phenotypic Plasticity Adaptive Plasticity THEODORE GARLAND, Jr. Professor of Biology Office: 109 University Lab Building Phone: (951) 827-3524 Facsimile: (951) 827-4286 E-mail: tgarland@ucr.edu Degree: Ph.D., University of California, Irvine, 1985 ***** Lab Homepage * ***** Call for Papers: The Role of Behavior in Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology * All Publications and PDF files Publications on the Mouse Selection Experiment Movie of Running Mice (Girard et al. 2001) Textbook Features on our Research: Box in 2004 Evolutionary Analysis text by Freeman and Herron Box in 2006 Comparative Physiology text by Moyes and Schulte Curriculum Vitae Evolutionary Physiology Links Experimental Evolution Links Back to Faculty Listing Back to Biology Homepage Caveats About Undergraduate Research Most of the research in my laboratory involves the evolution of complex phenotypes. Through empirical, theoretical, and methodological studies, we are also helping to develop the recent field of evolutionary physiology (Links: e.g., see Annual Review of Physiology [1994] 56:579-621 [PDF file - large]; Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics [2000] 31:315-341). Physiology is the study of how organisms work. Evolution is the study of how organisms have changed (genetically) across generations. Thus, evolutionary physiology is the study of how and why the way organisms work has changed over time. For example, does the way an organism work constrain the way it may evolve? Answers to such questions require a deep understanding of both proximate and ultimate mechanisms, including the effects of phenotypic plasticity. Accordingly, my graduate students and I participate in both the Evolutionary Biology and the Physiology graduate tracks within the Department of Biology, as well as the Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics Graduate Program and the Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences. I also server as UCR co-Associate Director of NERE, the Network for Experimental Research on Evolution. As physiology cannot properly be understood in isolation from genetics, morphology, biochemistry, and behavior, my general approach is integrative and hence crosses traditional boundaries between disciplines. Our laboratory is equipped to make a variety of sophisticated whole-animal physiological and behavioral measurements. We have concentrated on activity metabolism because many natural behaviors (e.g., escaping from predators, foraging) depend crucially on capacities for locomotion. I have worked primarily on lizards, snakes, and small mammals, but I recognize the value of both "model" and "non-model" systems and am always amenable to work with other organisms. Although most of our efforts involve exercise physiology and locomotor behavior, graduate students have worked on a variety of other projects, including: the evolution of reproductive timing in seals; behavioral/physiological ecology and conservation biology of desert tortoises; reproductive and conservation biology of lizards on a Spanish island; development of a monitoring program for endangered species of small mammals. In addition, we have collaborated with scientists from many countries, including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Mexico, The Netherlands, Spain, and The United Kingdom. PDAP: Phenotypic Diversity Analysis Programs (software to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses) PDTREE module in Mesquite (JAVA-based software to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses) (Documentation as Microsoft Word file) PHYSIG (MatLab programs to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses) PHYLOGR (R language code to perform phylogenetically based statistical analyses) Photos by Ted Garland: The Thorny Devil (Moloch horridus) in Australia [fullsize image], Mouse on running wheel as used in the selection experiment [fullsize image], Lizard (Lacerta agilis) in France on treadmill for endurance test [fullsize image]. Click here for a Complete Publication List with PDF Files Selected recent publications: Brashares, J., T. Garland, Jr., and P. Arcese. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of coadaptation in behavior, diet, and body size in the African antelope. Behavioral Ecology 11:452-463. Abstract [PDF file] Clobert, J., A. Oppliger, G. Sorci, B. Ernande, J. G. Swallow, and T. Garland, Jr. 2000. Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation, and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Functional Ecology 14:675-684. Abstract [PDF file] Irschick, D. J., and T. Garland, Jr. 2001. Integrating function and ecology in studies of adaptation: investigations of locomotor capacity as a model system. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:367-396. Abstract [PDF file] Girard, I., and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. Plasma corticosterone response to acute and chronic voluntary exercise in female house mice. Journal of Applied Physiology 92:1553-1561. [PDF file] Perry, G., and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. Lizard home ranges revisited: effects of sex, body size, diet, habitat, and phylogeny. Ecology 83:1870-1885. [PDF file] Hutcheon, J. M., J. A. W. Kirsch, and T. Garland, Jr. 2002. A comparative analysis of brain size in relation to foraging ecology and phylogeny in the Chiroptera. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 60:165-180. Abstract [PDF file] Abbott, D. H., E. B. Keverne, F. B. Bercovitch, C. A. Shively, S. P. Mendoza, W. Saltzman, C. T. Snowdon, T. E. Ziegler, M. Banjevic, T. Garland, Jr., and R. M. Sapolsky. 2003. Are subordinates always stressed? A comparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates. Hormones and Behavior 43:67-82. [PDF file] Blomberg, S. P., T. Garland, Jr., and A. R. Ives. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution 57:717-745. [PDF file] Bronikowski, A. M., P. A. Carter, T. J. Morgan, T. Garland, Jr., N. Ung, T. D. Pugh, R. Weindruch, and T. A. Prolla. 2003. Lifelong voluntary exercise in the mouse prevents age-related alterations in gene expression in the heart. Physiological Genomics 12:129-138. [PDF file] Garland, T., Jr. 2003. Selection experiments: an underutilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. Pages 23-56 in Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution. V. L. Bels, J.-P. Gasc, and A. Casinos, eds. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, U.K. [PDF file] Rhodes, J. S., H. van Praag, S. Jeffrey, I. Girard, G. S. Mitchell, T. Garland, Jr., and F. H. Gage. 2003. Exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis to high levels but does not improve spatial learning in mice bred for increased voluntary wheel running. Behavioral Neuroscience 117:1006-1016. [PDF file] Johnston, I. A., D. A. Fernandez, J. Calvo, V. L. A. Vieira, A. W. North, M. Abercomby, and T. Garland, Jr. 2003. Reduction in muscle fibre number during the adaptive radiation of notothenioid fishes: a phylogenetic perspective. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:2595-2609. [PDF file] Perry, G., K. LeVering, I. Girard, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Locomotor performance and social dominance in male Anolis cristatellus. Animal Behaviour 67:37-47. [PDF file] Rezende, E. L., F. Bozinovic, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Climatic adaptation and the evolution of basal and maximum rates of metabolism in rodents. Evolution 58:1361-1474. [PDF file] Al-kahtani, M. A., C. Zuleta, E. Caviedes-Vidal, and T. Garland, Jr. 2004. Kidney mass and relative medullary thickness of rodents in relation to habitat, body size, and phylogeny. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:346-365. (plus online Appendix B). [PDF file] Garland, T., Jr., A. F. Bennett, and E. L. Rezende. 2005. Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 218:3015-3035. [PDF file] Bonine, K. E., T. T. Gleeson, and T. Garland, Jr. 2005. Muscle fibre-type variation in lizards (Squamata) and phylogenetic reconstruction of hypothesized ancestral states. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:4529-4547. [PDF file] Kelly, S. A., P. P. Czech, J. T. Wight, K. M. Blank, and T. Garland, Jr. 2006. Experimental evolution and phenotypic plasticity of hindlimb bones in high-activity house mice. Journal of Morphology 267:360-374. [PDF file] Zhang, Y., T.-S. Lee, E. M. Kolb, K. Sun, X. Lu, F. M. Sladek, G. S. Kassab, T. Garland, Jr., and J. Y.-J. Shyy. 2006. AMP-activated protein kinase is involved in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation in response to shear stress. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 26:1281-1287. [PDF file] Faculty of 1000 Selection! Garland, T., Jr., and S. A. Kelly. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:2344-2361. [PDF file] Spoor, F., T. Garland, Jr., G. Krovitz, T. M. Ryan, M. T. Silcox, and A. Walker. 2007. The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 104:10808-10812. [PDF file] UCR Press Release Buchwalter, D. B., D. J. Cain, C. A. Martin, L. Xie, S. N. Luoma, and T. Garland, Jr. 2008. Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 105:8321-8326. [PDF file] Biology 174 "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" syllabus for Fall 2004 Biology 174 "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" syllabus for Winter 2006 Biology 174 "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology" syllabus for Winter 2008 Last updated 3 July 2008 by T.G.
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